The Radio Pakistan Essays

The Radio Pakistan Essays The Radio Pakistan Essay The Radio Pakistan Essay The Radio Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBC) As saw on account of TV, the state kept up a place of imposing business model in the radio area until the2002 progression of the media and PEMRA’s rise as a telecom licenses-granting authority. Sincethen, there has been a consistent development in FM radio broadcasts the nation over. As per figures from 2009, there are directly 40 FM radio broadcasts working in Pakistan. After an underlying flood in new radio broadcasts, be that as it may, PEMRA’s expanding levies for new licenses has essentially decreased the pace of uses being submitted. Another noticeable result of this flood in costs has been a continuous control of the radio market bythose entertainers with adequate money related and political influence, that is, ‘industrialists, enormous media gatherings, primitive rulers or politicians’. 57 notwithstanding the above progression in the segment, the state-possessed PBC still keeps up a predominant position, particularly concerning its span in rustic zones. As per the PBC’s own figures, its 69 medium (33), short wave (7) and FM (29) stations spread roughly 80 percent of Pakistan’s domain, or 96. 5 percent of the populace, and it has an ordinary crowd of 95. 5 million audience members. 58 Its prevailing nearness in rustic regions is clearly connected to the low mechanical edge spoke to by radio by and large, when contrasted with progressively costly, modern and power subordinate correspondence frameworks, for example, web or TV. What's more, the PBC has effectively endeavored to set up a toehold in those zones by limiting its telecom exercises. It does the trick to state that, notwithstanding the Urdu language, the PBC additionally communicates in 20 local dialects from 33 distinct urban areas. Close to its conventional and restrictive field of tasks, in particular medium and short wave transmissions, Radio Pakistan has gotten progressively dynamic in extending its telecom to FM radio waves too. Is first FM transmission goes back to 1998, however since 2002 it has been adding a lot more FM channels to its administrations, acutely mindful of the way that FM listenership includes around 40 percent of the complete radio listenership in the nation, and furthermore progressively aware of the need to arrive at those audience members at the fringe of the nation â€, for example, in the FATA †who could undoubtedly fall under the spell of neighborhood activists utilizing FM stations for publicity purposes. 59 â€Å"External† Competitors The medium and short wave domain, in any case, has not generally been the PBC’s undisputed and undisturbed telecom space. The biggest media association on the planet, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), can appropriately guarantee a nearness in what used to be British India, which originates before the foundation of the PBC. BBC activities began in the pioneer an area during the 1940s, for the most part as a counter-purposeful publicity news source to the German Nazis. The projects around then were communicated in the Hindustani language for the neighborhood populace. It was distinctly with the 1947 parcel that the PBC appeared. After two years, the BBC followed the political advancements by setting up a Urdu-language communicate for Pakistan, and in 1966 it formalized this new assistance by making the BBC Urdu Service. By the late 1990s the BBC Urdu Service had become the prevailing radio news administration in Pakistan. In 1998 it was said to arrive at 20 million every day audience members across both Pakistan and India. In 2009 that number had dwindled to 13 million. This decay has been to a great extent ascribed to the media progression process that was propelled in the two nations and to the resulting rise of emphatically serious new mass correspondence media. Furthermore, the BBC began to experience expanding issues with short wave frequencies in Pakistan, due to contending transmissions from Radio China. While trying to counter the developing rivalry, in 2001 the BBC Urdu Service propelled its own site, where it likewise put its radio transmissions. Further, it additionally chose to step into FM radio telecom so as to deal with the range of the nearby transmissions. The FM radio experience functioned admirably until 2007, when another Pakistani law disallowed remote communicates from inside the nation. By then the BBC made BBC Pakistan and it additionally began to rebroadcast its projects through nearby FM stations. The BBC is at present considering the starting of a BBC Urdu TV channel that would nitially communicate programs for two to six hours every day. 60 Despite the unpredictable and testing lawful and world of politics in which the BBC has needed to work from the earliest starting point, its acclaim as an autonomous telecaster has earned it a lot of regard and a huge listenership among the Pakistani populace. Strikingly, this seems, by all accounts, to be especially evident in the politically unsteady innate zones. As per a Waziri analyst, ‘60 to 70 percent of the individuals living in FATA tune in to and depend on BBC news broadcasts’. 61 The ongoing propelling of projects in Pashto has additionally reinforced the BBC’s position in these zones. Prior to the beginning of the most recent military activities, the BBC was accepted to have a practically complete inclusion of FATA. The channel can depend on three nearby journalists situated in Peshawar and on inclusion starting from the NWFP’s areas of Bannu and Dera Ismail Khan. The geological embeddedness of BBC journalists has earned them broad validity among the neighborhood populace and frequently, what's more, uncommon access to activists working in those regions. The rest of the neighborhood populace is accepted to tune in to a progression of new radio channels that have been set up with the help of the universal network, or more the entirety of the US (by means of USAID). These FM radios include: Radio Deewa †associated to the Voice of America (VOA); Radio Mashaal (â€Å"Torch† in Pashto) †propelled in January 2010 by Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL), it communicates in neighborhood Pashto tongues with the goal of offering ‘an option in contrast to the developing number of Islamic radical radio broadcasts in the region’;62 Radio Azadi †built up in 1985 by RFE/RL, it is by and by ‘the driving news source in Afghanistan, arriving at half of the Afghan populace over the country’,63 and furthermore a portion of the outskirt territories in Pakistan. For the 2010 monetary year, there has been a solicitation to the US Congress to give extra subsidizing to this station so as to extend communicates to Pashto speakers in northwest Pakistan; and Radio Dilbar †some portion of a venture upheld by the British government, it intends to expand the limit of FM radio broadcasts in NWFP via preparing their staff in creating resident based programming. The reason for the worldwide network in these regions is clear: to utilize these radios to contact the neighborhood networks with a blend of amusement, current issues and strict projects, so as to seek after a peacebuilding plan and in the end to fill the hole left by the alleged Taliban radios that were working in a portion of the FATA offices and other settled areas64 (fundamentally in the Khyber office and in the Swat Valley, with the as of now referenced Radio Mullah) preceding the April 2009 military hostile. These ew nearby radios have described themselves by the cautious utilization of phrasing alluding to the militants,65 and by their instructive endeavors towards a â€Å"true† comprehension of Islam. 57 IMS (2009). Operation. cit. p. 22. 58 For more data, see radio. gov. pk/aboutus. htm and radio. gov. pk/new/site/pictures/pbc_st. jpg. 59 As it has been in fact the case with the Taliban chief in the Swat Valley, Maulana Fazlullah, otherwise called Radio Mullah. 24 Ini tiative for peacebuilding www. initiativeforpeacebuilding. u 60 Most of the data gave in this segment has been gathered during a meeting with Wussatullah Khan, BBC Urdu Service agent, Islamabad, twentieth January 2010. 61 Interview, Mansur Khan Mahsud, FATA Research Center, Islamabad, 21st January 2010. 62 ‘RFE/RL dispatches radio broadcast in Pakistan’s Pashtun Heartland’, RFE/RL, fourteenth January 2010. Accessible at reliefweb. int/rw/rwb. nsf/db900SID/SNAA-7ZS2S7? OpenDocument. 63 For more data, see rferl. organization/information/Afghanistan/181. html. 4 According to Mansur Khan Mahsud, the Taliban didn't require radio directs in other FATA organizations on the grounds that these were true effectively heavily influenced by them. These radios communicate by utilizing basic innovation, whose effort was essentially restricted. The normal range was evaluated to be close to 50 to 60km. At the point when the military hostile got off the ground in the Swat Valley, the transmission abilities were quickly killed and toward the start of 2010 no Taliban radios were motioned by Mansur Khan Mahsud either in that valley or in the FATA. 65 Terms, for example, â€Å"terrorists† or â€Å"fundamentalists† are deliberately kept away from.

Urbanization Essays - Urban Decay, Segregation, Ethnic Enclave

Urbanization The urban city and its capacity in the public arena can't be comprehended without considering its creation as a city of outsiders, their newcomer families and companions and the ties that predicament them. By disregarding the ethnic culture and systems of the city's settlers, the investigation of the urban focus is, best case scenario a purposeless exertion. Ethnic propensities and especially ethnic private isolation, are zones of assessment than can't be disregarded in the event that we are to comprehend the individual and gathering encounters that at last impact urban development. It is in this manner critical to painstakingly investigate these territories so that knowledge into the underpinnings of the urban city is accomplished. Taking a gander at Canadian urban focuses from 1850-1920, explicitly the city of Toronto, I will analyze the issue of ethnic private isolation and its importance to the urban focus. I will endeavor to demonstrate that this wonder is an outcome of ethnic focus specifically businesses coming about because of ethnic systems and financial disparities present inside society. Besides, the presence of these dynamic yet isolated ethnic networks doesn't infer that absorption is neglecting to happen. Thus, standard osmosis structures, which accept that nearness to the greater part bunch increments with financial additions, must be reconsidered. Urban and chronicled geographers have gotten progressively keen on examining private isolation through the setting of changes in the modern working environment (Scott, 1986). Various enterprises like attire, material, iron and steel have utilized huge extents of settler laborers (Leiberson, 1933). Toronto is no special case. Early worker pilgrims came to North America looking for a 'superior' life and expanded financial chances (Lindstrom-Best, 1979) and Toronto's monetary atmosphere spoke to them. 1850's Toronto saw expanded flourishing with extending undertakings, occupations and particularly railroad building. By the 1860's, when this first rail development blast had blurred, the city bloomed into a territorially predominant railroad place with track access all through the area, into connecting Montreal, Detroit and New York. All the more significantly however, steam furthermore, iron vehicle extension disentangled the route for industrialization (Harney, 1985). Toronto's harbourfront flourished with rail traffic, involving machine and motor works, coal-yards, embellishment and fashioning plants and steam-driven manufacturing plants (Globe, 1866). The new gas works, the Grand Trunk Railway workshops, the Toronto Moving Mills, and the Gooderham and Worts refinery exemplified this thriving industrialization. In addition, other preparing tasks, for example, wood or equipment manufactories, tanneries and meat-pressing houses went with mechanical development. With everything taken into account, by the 1860's, working open doors in the city could promptly ask on its settlement, which thusly started to quicken quickly (Harney, 1985). Considering these expanded working chances particular Torontonian neighborhoods created. St. John's Ward limited by Henderson, Yonge, Front and University and the Italian neighborhoods limited by Henderson, Manning, Dundas and Ossington are only two of the particular networks that came about. By the 1900's, the 'Ward' as it was famously know, fundamentally comprised of East Europeans of Jewish plummet. They at first settled in the Ward since they had minimal decision. Upon their appearance, they were in prompt need of modest convenience close to stable job (Harney, 1985). St. John's Ward, nearby the business focus of the city, gave them this opportunity. They had generally hardly any abilities and no credit despite the fact that their proclivity for the article of clothing industry demonstrated important (Speisman, 1979). Do the trick it is to state, the Ward was in closeness to this industry. During the early twentieth century, the outstanding dress firms, the Lowndes Co., Johnson Brothers what's more, others were situated on Front Street, Wellington Street, Church and Bay. By 1910, the T. Eaton organization had raised a colossal assembling firm limited by Straight, Albert, Louisa and James. This organization would in the long run develop to be the biggest sole manager of Jews in the Ward (Harney, 1985). Manufacturing plant representatives chosen to live approach their work environments (Harney, 1985). Working long hours, they wished to limit making a trip time in this manner deciding to live near the organizations that utilized them. What's more, as nearness to significant apparel firms expanded, so too did business openings. The Ward, like numerous different territories all through North America, subsequently advanced into an outsider sanctuary contiguous the focal business locale. In spite of the way that not all Jews made their jobs in apparel industrial facilities, it was the manufacturing plants' essence and vicinity to reasonable lodging that pulled in Jewish migrants to the region (Rischin, 1964) and made a dynamic ethnic neighborhood. Comparable ethnic neighborhood showed up as disparate settler word related aptitudes rose. The primary Finnish occupant of Toronto, a tailor named James Lindala, dared to the city upon knowing about the popularity for gifted tailors (Lindstrom-Best, 1979). Settling in the south-focal piece of Toronto, close to the railroad and fitting

How to Mind Map Creative Advertising Ideas with MindMeister - Focus

How to Mind Map Creative Advertising Ideas with MindMeister - Focus This is a guest post from Nitzan Gursky. Nitzan is the Marketing Team Leader at Infolinks, one of the largest monetization networks in the world and the company behind AdShop. Connect with Nitzan on LinkedIn. No advertising campaign can be a success without the right creative. In this article Ill share how to mind map creative advertising ideas, using MindMeister. There are many benefits to online advertisingtremendous reach, pinpoint targeting and clear reporting of which campaigns are working, and which aren’t. However, I’ve often found that businesses put a lot of time (and money) into choosing an advertising platform, but get stuck when it comes to developing the creative idea. That’s understandable. Many fine marketers freeze up when it comes to the time to get creative it’s why designers and copywriters are in such high demand. If you’re in need of a way to bring your idea to life, there’s no better way to get started than with a brainstorming sessionand MindMeister is an intuitive, effective solution to mind map creative ideas. How to Get Started? Here are three important steps: Understand the ads you’re creating: To begin, you need a basic understanding of the advertising platform you’re using. What kind of space will your ad live in? If it’s an InFold ad, for example, then you know you have a certain amount of space for the creative assets you create. Tell a story in your ad: The best creative tells a story that connects your business or brand to your next customer. One of the best ways to tell a story when you don’t have a lot of real estatelike on a text adis to make sure you focus in on a few key differentiators. What makes your products or services unique? Find the best ad by trying more than one: No one really knows how your creative is going to perform until it does. If you have more than one way into your story, you have a better chance of finding the best idea, by testing out a bunch of good ones. This is where mind mapping can really come in handy. Know what you’re working with To know what your ad needs, you need to know what you’re working with. For example, if you’re running an InFold ad with Infolinks, you’ll have a leaderboard ad that’s a 720 x 90 pixel ad that usually contains an image, supporting copy and a link (usually, to a relevant page on your website). Here’s an example of an InFold ad: Notice that with this type of display ad, you have room to communicate one key message and one key call-to-action, which is the button that you want people to click on to take the next step towards becoming a customer. Knowing what you’re working with is key to building your story, which is our next step. How to tell a story in a small ad Many online advertising opportunities occur in a small space think ads on mobile phones so you want to make sure the story is focused. This could be the story of your new product, a seasonal promotion or maybe why you’re different to your competitor. But how do you boil down everything that’s great about your business into a single idea? Imagine you sell shoes. Say, athletic shoes. When you tell the story of your shoes, it’s important to simplify. For example, you could tell the story of the quality of your shoes. You can use MindMeister to mind map creative advertising ideas and plan what you’re going to focus on in your ads. In this example, I’ve divided my hypothetical campaigns into “quality” and “value.” When you create your ad about your shoes’ quality, use words that convey the idea of quality and use a picture of a beautiful shoe to reflect that. Finding the best ad I’m going to tell you a secret: No one really knows if an ad is going to work before they run it. But you have better odds of finding a winning ad if you run variations, especially of your ad text. By using MindMeister to mind map creative ideas, you can generate enough ideas to test a selection of ads. Next, use your mind map to plot out how you’d vary the text on the ad. In this example, I’ve shown how you could plot out three options for the “Value” ads: And here are three options for the “Quality” ads: Notice that the only thing that varies is how the idea of “price” or “quality” is phrased. Can one or two words really make a difference? Yes. Many studies have shown that changing one word in an ad can increase response significantly. So try using MindMeister to mind map creative adverts with varying language, colouring, visuals and call-to-actions. The Bottom Line: Creating Great Ads Takes Planning Online advertising offers a terrific opportunity for those who can use it well. In this short blog, I’ve given you a few steps that can help improve how you approach your campaigns, especially your advertising creative. Now, it’s up to you to take these ideas and test them out by using MindMeister to mind map creative ideas for your next digital advertising campaign. Mind map your next campaign Get Started with MindMeister Its free! Get Started with MindMeister How to Mind Map Creative Advertising Ideas with MindMeister - Focus This is a guest post from Nitzan Gursky. Nitzan is the Marketing Team Leader at Infolinks, one of the largest monetization networks in the world and the company behind AdShop. Connect with Nitzan on LinkedIn. No advertising campaign can be a success without the right creative. In this article Ill share how to mind map creative advertising ideas, using MindMeister. There are many benefits to online advertisingtremendous reach, pinpoint targeting and clear reporting of which campaigns are working, and which aren’t. However, I’ve often found that businesses put a lot of time (and money) into choosing an advertising platform, but get stuck when it comes to developing the creative idea. That’s understandable. Many fine marketers freeze up when it comes to the time to get creative it’s why designers and copywriters are in such high demand. If you’re in need of a way to bring your idea to life, there’s no better way to get started than with a brainstorming sessionand MindMeister is an intuitive, effective solution to mind map creative ideas. How to Get Started? Here are three important steps: Understand the ads you’re creating: To begin, you need a basic understanding of the advertising platform you’re using. What kind of space will your ad live in? If it’s an InFold ad, for example, then you know you have a certain amount of space for the creative assets you create. Tell a story in your ad: The best creative tells a story that connects your business or brand to your next customer. One of the best ways to tell a story when you don’t have a lot of real estatelike on a text adis to make sure you focus in on a few key differentiators. What makes your products or services unique? Find the best ad by trying more than one: No one really knows how your creative is going to perform until it does. If you have more than one way into your story, you have a better chance of finding the best idea, by testing out a bunch of good ones. This is where mind mapping can really come in handy. Know what you’re working with To know what your ad needs, you need to know what you’re working with. For example, if you’re running an InFold ad with Infolinks, you’ll have a leaderboard ad that’s a 720 x 90 pixel ad that usually contains an image, supporting copy and a link (usually, to a relevant page on your website). Here’s an example of an InFold ad: Notice that with this type of display ad, you have room to communicate one key message and one key call-to-action, which is the button that you want people to click on to take the next step towards becoming a customer. Knowing what you’re working with is key to building your story, which is our next step. How to tell a story in a small ad Many online advertising opportunities occur in a small space think ads on mobile phones so you want to make sure the story is focused. This could be the story of your new product, a seasonal promotion or maybe why you’re different to your competitor. But how do you boil down everything that’s great about your business into a single idea? Imagine you sell shoes. Say, athletic shoes. When you tell the story of your shoes, it’s important to simplify. For example, you could tell the story of the quality of your shoes. You can use MindMeister to mind map creative advertising ideas and plan what you’re going to focus on in your ads. In this example, I’ve divided my hypothetical campaigns into “quality” and “value.” When you create your ad about your shoes’ quality, use words that convey the idea of quality and use a picture of a beautiful shoe to reflect that. Finding the best ad I’m going to tell you a secret: No one really knows if an ad is going to work before they run it. But you have better odds of finding a winning ad if you run variations, especially of your ad text. By using MindMeister to mind map creative ideas, you can generate enough ideas to test a selection of ads. Next, use your mind map to plot out how you’d vary the text on the ad. In this example, I’ve shown how you could plot out three options for the “Value” ads: And here are three options for the “Quality” ads: Notice that the only thing that varies is how the idea of “price” or “quality” is phrased. Can one or two words really make a difference? Yes. Many studies have shown that changing one word in an ad can increase response significantly. So try using MindMeister to mind map creative adverts with varying language, colouring, visuals and call-to-actions. The Bottom Line: Creating Great Ads Takes Planning Online advertising offers a terrific opportunity for those who can use it well. In this short blog, I’ve given you a few steps that can help improve how you approach your campaigns, especially your advertising creative. Now, it’s up to you to take these ideas and test them out by using MindMeister to mind map creative ideas for your next digital advertising campaign. Mind map your next campaign Get Started with MindMeister Its free! Get Started with MindMeister

How to Mind Map Creative Advertising Ideas with MindMeister - Focus

How to Mind Map Creative Advertising Ideas with MindMeister - Focus This is a guest post from Nitzan Gursky. Nitzan is the Marketing Team Leader at Infolinks, one of the largest monetization networks in the world and the company behind AdShop. Connect with Nitzan on LinkedIn. No advertising campaign can be a success without the right creative. In this article Ill share how to mind map creative advertising ideas, using MindMeister. There are many benefits to online advertisingtremendous reach, pinpoint targeting and clear reporting of which campaigns are working, and which aren’t. However, I’ve often found that businesses put a lot of time (and money) into choosing an advertising platform, but get stuck when it comes to developing the creative idea. That’s understandable. Many fine marketers freeze up when it comes to the time to get creative it’s why designers and copywriters are in such high demand. If you’re in need of a way to bring your idea to life, there’s no better way to get started than with a brainstorming sessionand MindMeister is an intuitive, effective solution to mind map creative ideas. How to Get Started? Here are three important steps: Understand the ads you’re creating: To begin, you need a basic understanding of the advertising platform you’re using. What kind of space will your ad live in? If it’s an InFold ad, for example, then you know you have a certain amount of space for the creative assets you create. Tell a story in your ad: The best creative tells a story that connects your business or brand to your next customer. One of the best ways to tell a story when you don’t have a lot of real estatelike on a text adis to make sure you focus in on a few key differentiators. What makes your products or services unique? Find the best ad by trying more than one: No one really knows how your creative is going to perform until it does. If you have more than one way into your story, you have a better chance of finding the best idea, by testing out a bunch of good ones. This is where mind mapping can really come in handy. Know what you’re working with To know what your ad needs, you need to know what you’re working with. For example, if you’re running an InFold ad with Infolinks, you’ll have a leaderboard ad that’s a 720 x 90 pixel ad that usually contains an image, supporting copy and a link (usually, to a relevant page on your website). Here’s an example of an InFold ad: Notice that with this type of display ad, you have room to communicate one key message and one key call-to-action, which is the button that you want people to click on to take the next step towards becoming a customer. Knowing what you’re working with is key to building your story, which is our next step. How to tell a story in a small ad Many online advertising opportunities occur in a small space think ads on mobile phones so you want to make sure the story is focused. This could be the story of your new product, a seasonal promotion or maybe why you’re different to your competitor. But how do you boil down everything that’s great about your business into a single idea? Imagine you sell shoes. Say, athletic shoes. When you tell the story of your shoes, it’s important to simplify. For example, you could tell the story of the quality of your shoes. You can use MindMeister to mind map creative advertising ideas and plan what you’re going to focus on in your ads. In this example, I’ve divided my hypothetical campaigns into “quality” and “value.” When you create your ad about your shoes’ quality, use words that convey the idea of quality and use a picture of a beautiful shoe to reflect that. Finding the best ad I’m going to tell you a secret: No one really knows if an ad is going to work before they run it. But you have better odds of finding a winning ad if you run variations, especially of your ad text. By using MindMeister to mind map creative ideas, you can generate enough ideas to test a selection of ads. Next, use your mind map to plot out how you’d vary the text on the ad. In this example, I’ve shown how you could plot out three options for the “Value” ads: And here are three options for the “Quality” ads: Notice that the only thing that varies is how the idea of “price” or “quality” is phrased. Can one or two words really make a difference? Yes. Many studies have shown that changing one word in an ad can increase response significantly. So try using MindMeister to mind map creative adverts with varying language, colouring, visuals and call-to-actions. The Bottom Line: Creating Great Ads Takes Planning Online advertising offers a terrific opportunity for those who can use it well. In this short blog, I’ve given you a few steps that can help improve how you approach your campaigns, especially your advertising creative. Now, it’s up to you to take these ideas and test them out by using MindMeister to mind map creative ideas for your next digital advertising campaign. Mind map your next campaign Get Started with MindMeister Its free! Get Started with MindMeister How to Mind Map Creative Advertising Ideas with MindMeister - Focus This is a guest post from Nitzan Gursky. Nitzan is the Marketing Team Leader at Infolinks, one of the largest monetization networks in the world and the company behind AdShop. Connect with Nitzan on LinkedIn. No advertising campaign can be a success without the right creative. In this article Ill share how to mind map creative advertising ideas, using MindMeister. There are many benefits to online advertisingtremendous reach, pinpoint targeting and clear reporting of which campaigns are working, and which aren’t. However, I’ve often found that businesses put a lot of time (and money) into choosing an advertising platform, but get stuck when it comes to developing the creative idea. That’s understandable. Many fine marketers freeze up when it comes to the time to get creative it’s why designers and copywriters are in such high demand. If you’re in need of a way to bring your idea to life, there’s no better way to get started than with a brainstorming sessionand MindMeister is an intuitive, effective solution to mind map creative ideas. How to Get Started? Here are three important steps: Understand the ads you’re creating: To begin, you need a basic understanding of the advertising platform you’re using. What kind of space will your ad live in? If it’s an InFold ad, for example, then you know you have a certain amount of space for the creative assets you create. Tell a story in your ad: The best creative tells a story that connects your business or brand to your next customer. One of the best ways to tell a story when you don’t have a lot of real estatelike on a text adis to make sure you focus in on a few key differentiators. What makes your products or services unique? Find the best ad by trying more than one: No one really knows how your creative is going to perform until it does. If you have more than one way into your story, you have a better chance of finding the best idea, by testing out a bunch of good ones. This is where mind mapping can really come in handy. Know what you’re working with To know what your ad needs, you need to know what you’re working with. For example, if you’re running an InFold ad with Infolinks, you’ll have a leaderboard ad that’s a 720 x 90 pixel ad that usually contains an image, supporting copy and a link (usually, to a relevant page on your website). Here’s an example of an InFold ad: Notice that with this type of display ad, you have room to communicate one key message and one key call-to-action, which is the button that you want people to click on to take the next step towards becoming a customer. Knowing what you’re working with is key to building your story, which is our next step. How to tell a story in a small ad Many online advertising opportunities occur in a small space think ads on mobile phones so you want to make sure the story is focused. This could be the story of your new product, a seasonal promotion or maybe why you’re different to your competitor. But how do you boil down everything that’s great about your business into a single idea? Imagine you sell shoes. Say, athletic shoes. When you tell the story of your shoes, it’s important to simplify. For example, you could tell the story of the quality of your shoes. You can use MindMeister to mind map creative advertising ideas and plan what you’re going to focus on in your ads. In this example, I’ve divided my hypothetical campaigns into “quality” and “value.” When you create your ad about your shoes’ quality, use words that convey the idea of quality and use a picture of a beautiful shoe to reflect that. Finding the best ad I’m going to tell you a secret: No one really knows if an ad is going to work before they run it. But you have better odds of finding a winning ad if you run variations, especially of your ad text. By using MindMeister to mind map creative ideas, you can generate enough ideas to test a selection of ads. Next, use your mind map to plot out how you’d vary the text on the ad. In this example, I’ve shown how you could plot out three options for the “Value” ads: And here are three options for the “Quality” ads: Notice that the only thing that varies is how the idea of “price” or “quality” is phrased. Can one or two words really make a difference? Yes. Many studies have shown that changing one word in an ad can increase response significantly. So try using MindMeister to mind map creative adverts with varying language, colouring, visuals and call-to-actions. The Bottom Line: Creating Great Ads Takes Planning Online advertising offers a terrific opportunity for those who can use it well. In this short blog, I’ve given you a few steps that can help improve how you approach your campaigns, especially your advertising creative. Now, it’s up to you to take these ideas and test them out by using MindMeister to mind map creative ideas for your next digital advertising campaign. Mind map your next campaign Get Started with MindMeister Its free! 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Celebrating Fathers Day in Japanese Culture

The third Sunday in June is Fathers Day, which is known as, Chichi no hi (çˆ ¶Ã£  ®Ã¦â€" ¥) in Japanese. There are two terms that are mainly used for father in Japanese: chichi (çˆ ¶) and otousan (㠁Šçˆ ¶Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œ). Chichi is used when referring your own father, and otousan is used when referring somebody elses father. However, otousan can be used when addressing your own father. As for mother, the terms, haha and okaasan are used, and the same rules apply. Here are some examples. Watashi no chichi wa gojussai desu. ç § Ã£  ®Ã§Ë† ¶Ã£  ¯Ã¤ ºâ€Ã¥  Ã¦ ­ ³Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š--- My father is 50 years old.Anata no otousan wa gorufu ga suki desu ka. 㠁‚㠁 ªÃ£ Å¸Ã£  ®Ã£ Å Ã§Ë† ¶Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ¯Ã£â€š ´Ã£Æ' «Ã£Æ'•ã Å'Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã£  Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š--- Does your father like playing golf?Otousan, isshoni eiga ni ikanai? 㠁Šçˆ ¶Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£â‚¬ Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã§ ·â€™Ã£  «Ã¦Ëœ  Ã§â€ »Ã£  «Ã¨ ¡Å'㠁‹ã  ªÃ£ â€ž--- Dad, do you want to go to a movie with me? Papa is also used when addressing or referring to your own father and is mainly used by children. Tousan and touchan are informal ways of saying otousan. Oyaji is another informal term for father, which is mainly used by men. Papa, kore mite! ãÆ'‘ãÆ'‘〠Ã£ â€œÃ£â€šÅ'è ¦â€¹Ã£  ¦--- Daddy, look at this!Boku no papa wa yakyuu ga umai n da. Ã¥Æ'•ã  ®Ã£Æ'‘ãÆ'‘㠁 ¯Ã©â€¡Å½Ã§ Æ'㠁Å'㠁†ã  ¾Ã£ â€žÃ£â€šâ€œÃ£   Ã£â‚¬â€š --- My dad is good at playing baseball. Father in law is giri no chichi giri no otusan or gifu. If you are a beginner, it is fine to use otousan as father at first. If you want to learn more Japanese vocabulary for family members, try this Audio Phrasebook. Popular Gifts for Fathers Day in Japan According to a Japanese site, the top five most popular gifts for Fathers Day are alcohol, gourmet foods, fashion items, sporting goods and sweets. As for alcohol, local sake and shouchuu (an indigenous alcoholic beverage, which usually contains 25% alcohol) are especially popular. People also like to make customized labels for gifts with either the recipients name or a message. If you are curious about how to write your name in Japanese, try my, Kanji for Tattoos page. One of the most popular gourmet foods to buy for ones dad is Japanese beef, which is known as, wagyuu. Matsuzaka beef, Kobe beef and Yonezawa beef are considered to be the three top brands in Japan. They can be very expensive. The most desirable feature of wagyuu is its melt-in-your mouth texture and rich taste, which is derived from a generous amount of fat distributed throughout the meat. The beautiful pattern that the fat makes is called, shimofuri (know as marbling, in the west). Another popular item is eel (a delicacy in Japan). The traditional way to eat eel (unagi) is, kabayaki style. The eel is first glazed with a sweet soy based sauce and then grilled. Origami Gifts for Fathers Day If you are looking for a little gift idea, here is a cute shirt shaped envelope and a tie made with origami paper. You can put a message card or a little gift in it. There are step-by-step instructions as well as animated instructions on the page, so it will be easy to follow. Have fun making one for your dad! Messages for Fathers Day Here are some sample messages for Fathers Day. (1) 㠁Šçˆ ¶Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£â‚¬ Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¤Ã£â€šâ€šÃ© â€¦Ã£  Ã£  ¾Ã£  §Ã¥Æ' Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¦Ã£  Ã£â€šÅ'㠁 ¦Ã£ â€šÃ£â€šÅ Ã£ Å'㠁 ¨Ã£ â€ Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¤ ½â€œÃ£  «Ã¦ °â€"を㠁 ¤Ã£ â€˜Ã£  ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¤Ã£  ¾Ã£  §Ã£â€šâ€šÃ¥â€¦Æ'æ °â€"㠁 §Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¦Ã£  ­Ã£â‚¬â€š Otousan, itsumo osokumade hataraite kurete arigatou.Karadani ki o tsukete itsumademo genkide ite ne. (2) çˆ ¶Ã£  ®Ã¦â€" ¥Ã£  ®Ã£Æ'â€"ãÆ' ¬Ã£â€š ¼Ã£Æ' ³Ã£Æ'ˆã‚’è ´Ë†Ã£â€šÅ Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¥â€"Å"ん㠁 §Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£â€šâ€°Ã£ Ë†Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£  ¨Ã¥ ¬â€°Ã£ â€"㠁„㠁 §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ£ â€žÃ£  ¤Ã£  ¾Ã£  §Ã£â€šâ€šÃ¥â€¦Æ'æ °â€"㠁 §Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¦Ã£  ­Ã£â‚¬â€š Chichi no hi no purezento o okurimasu.Yorokonde moraeru to ureshii desu.Itsumademo genkide ite ne. (3) ä »Å Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã£  ®Ã§Ë† ¶Ã£  ®Ã¦â€" ¥Ã£  ¯Ã£  ªÃ£  «Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¨ ´Ë†Ã£â€š Ã£ â€ Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬ Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€Ã£  Ã¦â€š ©Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£   Ã£ â€˜Ã£  ©Ã£â‚¬ Ã£ Å Ã§Ë† ¶Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ®Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã£  Ã£  ªÃ£Æ' ¯Ã£â€š ¤Ã£Æ' ³Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¨ ´Ë†Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£ â€œÃ£  ¨Ã£  «Ã£ â€"㠁 ¾Ã£ â€"㠁Ÿã€‚åâ€"Å"ん㠁 §Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£â€šâ€°Ã£ Ë†Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£  ¨Ã£ â€ Ã£â€šÅ'㠁â€"㠁„㠁 ªÃ£â‚¬â€šÃ£ â€šÃ£â‚¬ Ã£  Ã£â€šÅ'㠁 Ã£â€šÅ'ã‚‚é £ ²Ã£  ¿Ã© Å½Ã£ Å½Ã£  ªÃ£ â€žÃ£  §Ã£  ­Ã£â‚¬â€š Kotoshi no chichi no hi wa nani o okurou ka, sugoku nayanda kedo,otousan no sukina wain o okuru koto ni shimashita.Yorokonde morraeru to ureshii na.A, kureguremo nomisuginaide ne. (4) 㠁Šçˆ ¶Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£â‚¬ Ã¥â€¦Æ'æ °â€"㠁 §Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£ â€œÃ£â€šÅ'㠁‹ã‚‰ã‚‚㠁Šæ ¯ Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ¨Ã¤ » ²Ã¨â€° ¯Ã£  Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£  Ã£   Ã£ â€¢Ã£ â€žÃ£â‚¬â€š Otousan, genki desu ka.Korekaramo okaasan to nakayoku shite kudasai. (5) 㠁Šçˆ ¶Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£â‚¬ Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¤Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£ â€šÃ£â€šÅ Ã£ Å'㠁 ¨Ã£ â€ Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¥ ® ¶Ã¦â€" Ã£  «Ã£â€šâ€žÃ£ â€¢Ã£ â€"㠁„㠁Šçˆ ¶Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ®Ã£ â€œÃ£  ¨Ã£â‚¬ Ã£  ¿Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ªÃ¥ ¤ §Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã£  Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¦â€" ¥Ã©  Æ'㠁 ®Ã¦â€žÅ¸Ã¨ ¬ Ã£  ®Ã¦ °â€"æÅ' Ã£  ¡Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¨ ¾ ¼Ã£â€š Ã£  ¦Ã§Ë† ¶Ã£  ®Ã¦â€" ¥Ã£  ®Ã£Æ'â€"ãÆ' ¬Ã£â€š ¼Ã£Æ' ³Ã£Æ'ˆã‚’è ´Ë†Ã£â€šÅ Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ£ â€žÃ£  ¤Ã£  ¾Ã£  §Ã£â€šâ€šÃ¥â€¦Æ'æ °â€"㠁 §Ã£  ­Ã£â‚¬â€š Otousan, itsumo arigatou.Kazoku ni yasashii otousan no koto, minna daisuki desu.Higoro no kansha no kimochi o komete chichi no hi no purezento o okurimasu.Itsumademo genki de ne. (6) 㠁„㠁 Ã£  ¤Ã£  «Ã£  ªÃ£  £Ã£  ¦Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£â€š «Ã£Æ'Æ'ã‚ ³Ã£â€š ¤Ã£â€š ¤Ã£ Å Ã§Ë† ¶Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£â‚¬â€šÃ£ â€œÃ£â€šÅ'㠁‹ã‚‰ã‚‚〠Ã£ Å Ã£ â€"ã‚Æ'ã‚Å'㠁 §Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¦Ã£  Ã£   Ã£ â€¢Ã£ â€žÃ£â‚¬â€šÃ¤ »â€¢Ã¤ ºâ€¹Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£ Å'ん㠁 °Ã£  £Ã£  ¦Ã£  ­Ã£â‚¬â€š Ikutsu ni nattemo kakkoii otousan.Korekaramo, oshare de ite kudasai.Shigoto mo ganbatte ne.

3.01 American History - 1463 Words

03.01 Assignment In this lesson, you learned how the U.S. began to turn from isolation to imperialism. Complete the following written assignment to show your understanding of these changes. Select three events from the list of five given below - one showing isolationism, one showing intervention, and one showing imperialism . Using complete sentences, write one paragraph describing the event and explaining whether it should be categorized as isolationism, intervention, or imperialism. In a second paragraph, explain the reason for the U.S course of action in each event. The United States annexes Hawaii in 1900. At first missionaries and whalers were the first americans to settle in hawaii, and then american settlers started growing sugar to†¦show more content†¦During the same time, the Venezuelans also began to woo the support of the United States of America by appealing to that nation to support their claims. However, the United States, during that period, refused to become involved. Venezuela, itself, never diverted from its view that arbitration was the only means of settling the border dispute.†¨Despite its refusal to be involved in the issue in 1877, the policy of the United States by 1886 began to take a decisive turn when it offered advice to the British Government to solve the issue. By then, the United States had achieved great economic strength and international political stature, and many leading American politicians viewed their country as a major competitor to Great Britain in the field of international politics.†¨In 1895, Grover Cleveland, who was then serving a second term as President, realised that his administration was losing popularity especially among western and southern farmers and workers everywhere in the country. He and his Secretary of State, Richard Olney, in an attempt to divert attention from the domestic problems that faced the country, decided to adopt a vigorous foreign policy. They, therefore, agreed, inter alia, to support the Venezuelan side in the boundary dispute with Great Britain.†¨Through the efforts of the Cleveland administration, a resolution was introduced in theShow MoreRelatedEssay The Death Penalty: Cruel and Unusual1291 Words   |  6 Pagescoexist and live free within fair justice. Even though they excluded any religion to be part of the government regulations, they used Christianity to influence them and built a strong foundation for the new type of government. In a webpage of the history of death penalty they stated that they used the bible and pop ular teachings to create basic laws and form basic human rights that many religions would forbid death penalty such as; Catholics, Presbyterians, Quakers, Amish’s, and Mennonites. 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Finance Questions Example

Essays on Finance Questions Essay Running head: FINANCE QUESTIONS Finance Questions Goes Here al Affiliation Goes Here Finance Questions Provide three examples of situations in which business ethics play a role in the financial management process. Explain your rationale, and how these situations may affect the value of the firm. i). If a company adopts shady financial management processes, then the shareholders (or management) may get short-term monetary rewards but in the long run the value of the firm shall fall when shareholders find the truth. ii). A bank gains substantial profits from hidden fees imposed on customers, but in the long run customers will shy away from such banks and such unethical gains shall turn into lost customers and revenue soon. iii). A hedge fund manager may realize substantial monetary gains if he/she acts on any undisclosed material information. Although unethical, if he waits until full public disclosure of the information before acting, it would cause the company in terms of lost profits, but the business ethics shall be preserved, which is more important. 2. What is an opportunity cost? Provide two real-life examples of opportunity costs for a project. Should opportunity costs be included in the project analysis process? Why or why not? Explain your rationale. Opportunity cost is the costs of maximum probable profits relinquished by opting for any project. For example if an investor provides credit for a project which yields a return of return a paltry 2% over the year, against placing the same money in buying a share which would have yielded 5%, then in this case the opportunity cost is 3% (5% - 2%). Suppose if a company opts to invest in a project which requires an initial investment of 1 m USD and the return generated after one year is 10%. However, if the same amount was invested in the Stock Market, it would have yielded 15% at the end of one year. Therefore the Opportunity Cost in this case is (15-10%) = 5%. Project Analysis process includes opportunity costs as they are the benefits forgone for pursuing this project. This inclusion of opportunity cost is done via incorporating the cost of forgone benefits into the Weighted Average Cost of Capital for the project. 3. What is the difference between business risk and financial risk? If Company A has a higher business risk than Company B, should its cost of capital be higher? Why or why not? Explain your rationale. Financial Risk Financial risk is the risk of the companys cash flows not being sufficient to pay off creditors and realize additional financial liabilities. (Eckbo, pp. 12-18, 2007) The more debt a business is indebted, the more probable it is to fail to meet its financial obligations. Business Risk Business risk is the risk of lower than estimated profits, or that the company will experience a loss rather than a profit. If Company A has a higher business risk than Company B, it means Company A has a higher asset beta, also known the unlevered beta. This shall increase the cost of capital for the company. 4. What are some important elements of the collection policy? The important elements in a Collection Policy are as follows: A. Consistency and Credibility A thoughtfully planned mission statement is fundamental for an effective collection policy. It is essential that a consistent attitude is maintained while dealing with debtors. B. Goal Statement The Collection Policy should spell out who is sanctioned to negotiate and who can grant concessions. Collectors must realize how much leverage they have in handling payment related matters with debtors. C. Practices within the Policy The policy should define clearly the modalities of dealing with debtors – related prospects are infinite, but a few major questions include who will send due statements reminders, who will issue collection letters, who will call to remind debtors, who will meet them face to face etc. D. Enforcing the Policy The strength of the collection policy is determined by the company’s willingness to enforce it. References Eckbo, Espen; (2007); Handbook of Corporate Finance, Volume 1: Empirical Corporate Finance; North Holland; ISBN-13: 978-0444508980, pp. 12-18,

The Tempest free essay sample

The Tempest: The Interplay between Time, Power, and Supernatural In The Tempest, William Shakespeare portrays multiple themes that are highlighted as the play progresses. He includes the recurring themes of time, struggle for power, and the supernatural. Prospero, and his servant, Ariel, magically conduct a tremendous storm, which forces the shipmates to land on his island. Prospero, the characters on the shipwreck, and Caliban, and Ariel spend most of the play reacting to this event. Caliban’s character represents a struggle to regain his power, while Ariel has a particular influence on the subsequent plot that relates to the themes of time and the supernatural. A consistent theme throughout The Tempest, is Ariel’s significant role of carrying out Prospero’s powerful mission. Ariel’s presence provides a drama that is calming and mystical. When Ariel is first introduced in beginning of the play he says to Prospero: All hail, great master! Grave sir, hail! I come To answer thy best pleasure. Be’t to fly, To swim, to dive into the fire, to ride On the curled clouds to thy strong bidding task Ariel and all his quality (The Tempest 1. 2. 224-228). Ariel’s courageous character introduces the concept of magic and supernatural to the play. His presence creates a major storm on King Alonsos boat. Ariel says, â€Å"I boarded the King’s ship; now on the beak, / Now in the waist, the deck, in every cabin, /I flamed amazement† (1. 2. 232-234). By generating this storm, Ariel powerfully influences Alonso’s journey and the ultimate arrival of Ferdinand. The storm was conjured up in such a magical way that not a soul was harmed, and â€Å"Not a hair perished† (1. 2. 258). In addition, the shipmates clothing remained fresh, even after the chaotic storm. Throughout the play, as Ariel puts Prospero’s magic into action, he appears in different forms and can even make himself invisible to the public eye. In act three, during the banquet, Ariel even presents himself in the form of a harpy, a loathsome creature with wings. Ariel also displays the use of magic when Caliban complains to Stephano about how he is tormented by Prospero. During this scene, Ariel, in his invisible state, calls Caliban a liar, tricking Caliban, and Stephano that Trinculo is the man behind the insults. As the play develops, Ariel enlightens and impacts the characters with his melodious songs. Towards the end of the play, Alonso makes note and comments that the background music is so powerful that it is almost a form of communication. Ariel uses the power of music to guide the characters in the direction towards fulfilling Prospero’s goal. In act three, scene two, Ariel’s music causes Caliban, Stephano, and Trinculo to be distracted from their conversation and leads them to follow after the music. By exhibiting Prospero’s magical commands to perfection, Ariel serves a supernatural role in The Tempest. One of the major themes of The Tempest is the importance of timing. Prospero conducts his scheme in a very systematic manner. Likewise, Ariel displays an aptitude for time in that he is in charge of maintaining Prospero’s schedule. It is manifested early on that Prospero pays close attention, and displays a consciousness towards time. For example, Prospero asks Ariel, â€Å"What is the time o’th’ day? † and Ariel replies, â€Å"past the mid season† (1. 2. 283-284). Prospero then explains to Ariel that the task needs to be completed within a specific timeframe. Prospero says, â€Å"The time ‘twixt six and now/ Must by us both be spent most preciously†. Ariel repeatedly scouts the island, making sure Prospero’s magical plan occurs on schedule and reports back to him. It is striking that Ariel seems to always be present at critical times. In the middle of the play, when Antonio and Sebastian are planning to kill Gonzolo and Alonso, Ariel’s timely presence prevents their plan from following through. He puts Alonso, and Gonzolo to sleep and magically wakes Gonzolo right on time when his and king Alonso’s lives are at risk. Ariel whispers to Gonzolo in the form of song, â€Å"†¦If of life you keep a care, /Shake off slumber and beware. Ariel alarms Gonzolo to immediately wake up, and ultimately saves his and the king’s lives. Prospero and Ariel regard the essential aspect of time to complete their overall mission as planned. A significant theme of The Tempest is Caliban’s constant struggle for power. Caliban, Prospero’s slave, is a dangerous, unique, monster- like creature. He spends much time in the beginning of the play longing for how the island used to be, when his mother, Sycorax, used to control the island. When Prospero initially resides on the island, he takes over and torments Caliban  with slave work. Caliban demonstrates this desire to be in charge of the island when he says, â€Å"This island’s mine by Sycorax, my mother,/ Which thou tak’st from me. † (1. 2. 396-397). Caliban bemoans the loss of his power on the island and wishes to regain his status. Calibans influence on the plot is to directly undermine Prospero. In act four, when Caliban meets Stephono and Trinculo, he becomes drunk and instantly plots to put an end to Prospero’s life. This is illustrated in Caliban’s speech to Stephano and Trinculo when he encourages them to kill Prospero. This is the mouth o’ th’ cell. No noise, and enter. / Do that good mischief which may make this island/ Thine own forever, and I, thy Caliban,†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (4. 1. 241-243). His regret of his lost power leads him to try to regain it in a vicious manner. As Stephen Corry states regarding Caliban’s plan, â€Å"He’s desperate to get his new clownish mates to kill Prospero by knifing, battering, impaling, braining, or more imaginatively, knocking a nail into his head† (â€Å"The Olympics – Shakespeare†). Luckily for Prospero, Ariel distracts the fools with a glistening clothing line and stops Calibans plans before they are carried out. In fact, Ariel’s use of timing is the very thing that undermines Caliban’s quest for power. It is in this part of The Tempest that one can witness how the themes of time and power connect. In summary, the themes of time, supernatural, and Caliban’s struggle for power, play an essential role to The Tempest. As the play unfolds, Shakespeare introduces us to the concept of the mystery in life. So often we think we are in control of our lives; however, this is not always the case. Time after time, there may be forces that we are unaware of that heavily impact the course of our lives and ultimate fate.

Modern State Formation The Case of Former Yugoslavia

10 Interesting Facts About Gold

10 Interesting Facts About Gold There are many interesting facts about the element gold, which is listed on the periodic table as Au. This is the only truly yellow metal on Earth, and theres a lot more to learn about gold. Gold Facts Gold is the only metal that is yellow or golden. Other metals may develop a yellowish color, but only after they have oxidized or reacted with other chemicals.Nearly all of the gold on Earth came from meteorites that bombarded the planet over 200 million years after it formed.The element symbol for gold is Au. The symbol comes from the old Latin name for gold, aurum, which means shining dawn or glow of sunrise. The word gold comes from the Germanic languages, originating from the Proto-Germanic gulà ¾ and Proto-Indo-European ghel, meaning yellow/green. The pure element has been known since ancient times.Gold is extremely ductile. A single ounce of gold (about 28 grams) can be stretched into a gold thread 5 miles (8 kilometers) long. Gold threads can even be used as embroidery thread.Malleability is a measure of how easily a material can be hammered into thin sheets. Gold is the most malleable element. A single ounce of gold can be beaten out into a sheet that is 300 square feet. A s heet of gold can be made thin enough to be transparent. Very thin sheets of gold may appear greenish blue because gold strongly reflects red and yellow. Although gold is a heavy, dense metal, it is generally considered non-toxic. Gold metal flakes may be eaten in foods or drinks.Pure elemental gold is 24 karat, while 18 karat gold is 75 percent pure gold, 14 karat gold is 58.5 percent pure gold, and 10 karat gold is 41.7 percent pure gold. The remaining portion of the metal usually used in gold jewelry and items is silver, but items may also consist of other metals or a combination of metals, such as platinum, copper, palladium, zinc, nickel, iron, and cadmium.Gold is a noble metal. It is relatively unreactive and resists degradation by air, moisture, or acidic conditions. While acids dissolve most metals, a special mixture of acids called aqua regia is used to dissolve gold.Gold has many uses aside from its monetary and symbolic value. Among other applications, it is used in electronics, electrical wiring, dentistry, electronics, medicine, radiation shielding, and to color glass.High purity metallic gold is odorless and tasteless. T his makes sense since the metal is unreactive. Metal ions are what confers flavor and odor to metallic elements and compounds.

Paintings by Arshile Gorky Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Paintings by Arshile Gorky - Case Study Example The first part of my research revealed the summary of Arshile Gorky’s life. The understanding of his life is important in that from it, we understand that his inspiration was drawn from his exposure to the 1915 Armenian Genocide, themes which he reflected in much of his work. Secondly, we learn that he was mentored by a master Paul Cezanne who was a master of art in the 19th century. Arshile Gorky was born as Vostanik Manuk in April 1904 in the Ottoman Empire’s village of Khorgom, and lived until July 1948. He was an Armenian-American, and his painting was oriented towards Abstract Expressionism, which many critics attribute to his information or exposure to the Armenian Genocide of 1915 in which people lost and suffered greatly. When the genocide broke out, he fled together with his family to Russia and while in exile, his mother died out of starvation four years later. He later moved to the United States in 1920 with his father, and it was the need to fit into the new territory that he changed his name to Arshile Gorky . Two years later in 1922, Arshile Gorky joined the Boston New School of Design where he was able to further his painting and drawing skills which had been inspired by Expressionism during the 1900s. He was largely influenced by Paul Cezanne. Abstract Expressionism emerged in the 19th century era from a group of artists based in Paris. It was a unique art's emergence which received much opposition from earlier art periods and styles. This is because they â€Å"violated† the norms of academic.

The Role of Accounting on Business and Our Society Research Paper

The Role of Accounting on Business and Our Society - Research Paper Example The balance sheet is the most effective tool in communicating the financial health of a business. The balance sheet reveals the financial position of a business and reports the assets, liabilities, and owner’s equity as at a given point in time (Allee & Yohn, 2009). This financial statement also reveals the resources that remain unused at the end of the period and available for use in the following periods. Additionally, the balance sheet reports the claims for resources that remain unpaid at the end of the period and the capital represented in various forms it is constituted. The functions of accountants include recording, analyzing, and reporting the financial status of a company or a person. Either an accountant or a certified public accountant can perform accounting. Accountants do not legally have to acquire any degree or any form of accounting license for them to perform their duties; any person over 18 years old and is good in numbers can be an accountant (Seetharaman, Sun & Wang, 2011). A certified public accountant must earn an accounting degree from an accredited institution, pass the CPA Examination, pass the professional Ethics Exam from the American Institute of CPAs, and work for 1,800 hours in one year under supervision of a licensed CPA. The accounting function in the organization is critical because it enables identifying, measuring, and communicating economic information to permit informed judgments and decisions. However, the accounting function is expensive to maintain because of high costs of installing systems and paying salaries and wages for accountants. I would prefer to form a merchandising company to a service company. Charts of accounts provide a list of all accounts in the company’s system (Seetharaman, Sun & Wang, 2011). Merchandising company charts of accounts have more code numbers than the charts for service industry. Charts of accounts in a service industry provides a list of

Study Of Organizations Behavior

Study Of Organizations Behavior Formal and informal framework of policies and rules , within which an organization arranges its lines of authority and communications , and allocates rights and duties. Organizational structure determines the manner and extent to which roles , power , and responsibilities are delegated, controlled, and coordinated, and how information flows between levels of management . This structure depends entirely on the organizations objectives and the strategy chosen to achieve them. In a centralized structure, the decision making power is concentrated in the top layer of the management. Structure is the pattern of relationships among positions in the organisation and among members of the organisation. Structure makes possible the application of the process of management and creates a framework of order and command through which the activities of the organisation can be planned, organised directed and controlled. .Culture in Organizations These are the informal values, norms and beliefs which control how individuals and groups in an organization interact internally and externally. This in turn shapes attitude and behavior and the quality of inter group relationships again to achieve organizational goals. Lateral Horizontal Top Vertical Bottom Values and Norms Culture in organization has two founding values: Terminal Value; is linked to desire goals e.g. excellence, quality, morality, stability, profitability. Instrumental Value; is linked to desire modes of behavior for the organization e.g. hard work, tradition, respect for authority, risk taking, honesty, standards of service, dress code. Norms; specific norms emerge as a result of shared experiences over time which became expectations for behavior. These result in rules for conduct e.g. courtesy, cleanliness, grooming, teamwork, information sharing, and cooperation. The Source of Values Norms Edward Scheins approach to culture claims that it can be understood at 3 levels. Basic Assumptions: unconsciously learned responses based upon perception. Values and Beliefs: consciously help concepts as a result of experiences. Visible Artifacts: physical evidence e.g. office design, layout and dress code. Cultural Dynamics A set of beliefs and assumptions held commonly throughout the organization, taken for granted in that organization, but discernible to the outside observer in the stories of organization history and explanation of events. Company Information The Hong Kong Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC) group is one of the worlds leading financial organizations. It was founded in 1865 in china. Since then the bank expanded rapidly with an emphasis up representation in China and also other parts of Asia, Europe and America. In the mid 1950s HSBC embarked on a strategy of pursuing profitable growth through acquisitions as well as organic development. After conducting my research into global business of HSBC bank, we have identified that London offers tremendous opportunities for HSBC which make businesses want to operate in those markets. HSBC Culture Operational Strategy: The Worlds Local bank HSBC differentiates itself from its competitors by its branding. The strong tag line the worlds local bank reflects the HSBC approach towards powerful branding. This brand image has been the result of many years of investment in the companys corporate image and culture that attracts and maintains satisfied customers and employees. HSBCs understanding and experience of multiple markets and local knowledge have contributed towards its brand success. HSBC has branches in 76 countries and the strategy used is Think Global, Act Local. Corporate Social Responsibility: HSBC like many other major companies from different industries believes in sharing its success by giving it back to the community. The application of corporate social responsibility is mandatory for all companies doing business. This being thought as a liability could also provide a company with the tools to promote its brand image with in communities. They are aware of the social responsibilities of economy management, community and environment. HSBC has undertaken activities such as environmental protection projects, successful and honest business practices, educational programs, undergraduate scholarships and funding local community projects. They also undertake volunteer charity and community work. Human Resource Management: HSBC employs over 284,000 people worldwide. They understand the benefits and competitive advantage of having a smart, loyal and well educated workforce. HSBC encourages workforce diversity in order to create the finest employee network and a corporate culture that celebrates differences, empathy and integrity. They employ the best qualified individuals, regardless of their nationality to manage top-level operations. However they employ local country staff to manage day to day and branch operations because they know they local business environment and this strategy also helps the foreign company be accepted by the local society. HSBC Principles Values The HSBC Group is committed to five Core Business Principles: Outstanding customer service Effective and efficient operations Strong capital and liquidity Conservative lending policy Strict expense discipline Employee Benefits Rewards In return for employees dedication and hard work, HSBC offer a very attractive and competitive benefits package with rapid rewards for the right people. While different roles come with different rewards, the following is a guide to the kind of package they offer: Performance-related bonus scheme Pension 25 days holiday Private medical insurance Life insurance Preferential rates on a range of HSBC products Season ticket loan Sports and social scheme Employee assistance programs Corporate discounts HSBC Structure Corporate Governance: HSBC is committed to high standards of corporate governance. HSBC Holdings has complied throughout with the applicable codes provided by the Combined Code on Corporate Governance issued by the Financial Reporting Council and the Code on Corporate Governance Practices in Appendix 14 to the Rules Governing the Listing of Securities on The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited. The Board of HSBC Holdings has adopted a code of conduct for transactions in HSBC Group securities by Directors that complies with The Model Code in the Listing Rules of the Financial Services Authority and with The Model Code for Securities Transactions by Directors of Listed Issuers (Hong Kong Model Code) set out in the Rules Governing the Listing of Securities on The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited, save that The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong has granted certain waivers from strict compliance with the Hong Kong Model Code, primarily to take into account accepted practices in the UK, particularly in respect of employee share plans. Following a specific enquiry, each Director has confirmed he or she has complied with the code of conduct for transactions in HSBC Group securities throughout the period. Board Committees: The Board has appointed a number of committees. The following are the principal committees: Group Management Board Group Audit Committee Remuneration Committee Nomination Committee Corporate  Sustainability Committee HSBC structure is matrix structure, because they have teams of people from various sections of the business, these teams will be created for the purpose of a specific purpose of a specific project and will be led by a project manager, often the team is only exists for the duration of the project and matrix structure are usually deployed to develop new products and services. Relationship between Culture and Structure Organizational Culture : a group of mutually interacting people with negotiated , shared values , understandings ,norms , ideals , way of life and the way of looking at the world and their place in it .The way a structure or culture is designed or evolves over time affects the way people and groups behave within the organization. Structure and culture affect: Behaviour Motivation Performance Teamwork and cooperation Intergroup and Interdepartmental relationships Organizational culture is more of a larger picture, a more general term that refers to a large umbrella of smaller topics and issues within an organization. The structure refers to the infrastructure, and the various methods and practices within that infrastructure, that helps an organizational culture run with the efficiency and consistency that should be the hallmark of any healthy organizational structure, whether it is in a corporation, sports team, or any other set up that is large enough to create its own organizational culture. This makes the structure an integral part of any organizational culture, but also narrows out a very specific segment of the culture as its own responsibility. Organizational structure will deal primarily with the set up of the culture. How management works, which specific responsibilities supervisors have, how a complaint is passed through the ranks-these are all issues within the organizational culture that are directly tied to how an organizational structure works. The structure is not limited to those three examples, but it would certainly include all of them. TASK 2 Styles of Management Management is tasks, Management is a discipline. But management also people. Every achievement of management is the achievement of a manager. Every failure is a failure of a manager. People manage rather than forces or facts .The vision, dedication and integrity of managers determine whether there is a management or mismanagement Stewart, R, Management and organizational behaviour, Sixth Edition, Laurie J Mullins. Prentice Hall (2002) Management takes place within a structured organizational setting with prescribed roles. It is directed towards the achievement of aims and objectives through influencing the efforts of others. This role encouraged a lot of writers to study management aspects, where they came out with theories thats become the sprit of management thinking. Scientific Management: F. W. Taylor. Taylor formalized the principles of scientific management, 1909, he published the book for which he is best known, Principles of Scientific Management. In his own words he explained: The old fashioned dictator does not exist under Scientific Management. The man at the head of the business under Scientific Management is governed by rules and laws which have been developed through hundreds of experiments just as much as the workman is, and the standards developed are equitable. Management Leadership According to John P. Kotter in his book, A Force for Change: How Leadership Differs From Management (The Free Press, 1990), managers must know how to lead as well as manage. Without leading as well as managing, todays organizations face the threat of extinction. Management is the process of setting and achieving the goals of the organization through the functions of management: planning, organizing, directing (or leading), and controlling. A manager is hired by the organization and is given formal authority to direct the activity of others in fulfilling organization goals. Thus, leading is a major part of a managers job. Yet a manager must also plan, organize, and control. Generally speaking, leadership deals with the interpersonal aspects of a managers job, whereas planning, organizing, and controlling deal with the administrative aspects. Leadership deals with. Theory X (Authoritarian Management Style): The average person dislikes work and will avoid it if he or she can. Therefore most people must be forced with the threat of punishment to work towards organizational objectives. The average person prefers to be directed; to avoid responsibility; is relatively less ambitious, and wants security above all else. Theory X basically holds the belief that people do not like work and that some kind of direct pressure and control must be exerted to get them to work effectively. These people require a rigidly managed environment, usually requiring threats of disciplinary action as a primary source of motivation. It is also held that employees will only respond to monetary rewards as an incentive to perform above the level of that which is expected. From a management point of view, autocratic (Theory X) managers like to retain most of their authority. They make decisions on their own and inform the workers, assuming that they will carry out the instructions. Autocratic managers are often called authoritative for this reason; they act as authorities. This type of manager is highly tasked oriented, placing a great deal of concern towards getting the job done, with little concern for the workers attitudes towards the managers decision. This shows that autocratic managers lose ground in the work place, making way for leaders who share more authority and decision making with other members of the group. Theory Y (Participative Management Style): Effort in work is as natural as work and play. People will apply self-control and self-direction in the pursuit of organizational objectives, without external control or the threat of punishment. Commitment to objectives is a function of rewards associated with their achievement. People usually accept and often seek responsibility. The capacity to use a high degree of imagination, ingenuity and creativity in solving organizational problems is widely, not narrowly, distributed in the population. In industry the intellectual potential of the average person is only partly utilized. A more popular view of the relationship found in the work place between managers and workers, is explained in the concepts of Theory Y. This theory assumes that people are creative and eager to work. Workers tend to desire more responsibility than Theory X workers, and have strong desires to participate in the decision making process. Theory Y workers are comfortable in a working environment which allows creativity and the opportunity to become personally involved in organizational planning. Some assumptions about Theory Y workers are emphasized in one of the texts, namely that this type of worker is far more prevalent in the work place than are Theory X workers. For instance, it is pointed out that ingenuity, creativity, and imagination are increasingly present throughout the ranks of the working population. These people not only accept responsibility, but actively seek increased authority. According to another of the authors studied for this project, in which the participative (Theory Y) leadership style is discussed, a participative leader shares decisions with the group. Also mentioned, are subtypes to this type of leader, namely the Democratic leader who allows the members of the working group to vote on decisions, and the Consensual leader who encourages group discussions and decisions which reflect the consensus of the group. A Laissez-Fair Style: A laissez-fair style is where the manager observes that members of group are working well on their own. The manager consciously makes a decision to pass the focus of power to members, to allow them freedom of action to do as they think best. And not to interfere; but is readily available if help is needed, There is often confusion over this style of leadership behavior. The world genuine is emphasized because this is to be contrasted with the manager who could not care, who deliberately keeps away from the trouble of sports and does not want to get involved. The manager just lets members of the group get on with the work in hand. Members are left to face decision which rightly belongs with the manager. This is more a non-style of leadership or it could perhaps be labeled as abdication. Management Styles at HSBC: The qualities required in individuals by HSBC reflect a lot about their approach towards the management style. These quality individuals are: Responsive: Who always try to anticipate and act quickly to ensure we meet and exceed our customers ever-changing expectations. Respectful: Individuals who look for the value in everyone. Fair: Who reward our customers for the commitment they give to us. Progressive: Who are driven by the belief that we can shape a better future. Perceptive: Who look harder, in order to understand things more deeply, and this informs everything we do. The management empowers employees and builds a trust with the employees to deliver the brand promise effectively. Every department has efficient staff available to help the customers but for more specific needs and decision making, the branch managers play the role. Leadership Leadership is a dynamic relationship based on mutual influence and common purpose between leaders and collaborators in which both are moved to higher levels of motivation and moral development as they affect real, intended change. (Kevin Freiberg and Jackie Freiberg, NUTS! Southwest Airlines Crazy Recipe for Business and Personal Success, Bard Press, 1996, p. 298) Three important parts of this definition are the terms relationship, mutual, and collaborators. Relationship is the connection between people. Mutual means shared in common. Collaborators cooperate or work together. This definition of leadership says that the leader is influenced by the collaborators while they work together to achieve an important goal. Leadership is the ability to command acceptance by a group of people and thus, get them to do what the leader wants. The person providing this direction and commanding acceptance is called the leader. From this definition of leadership, it is obvious that the leader is the person whom others accept to show them the way. However, you probably are aware that a leader can be imposed on a group of people against their will. For example, a military coup can bring a leader to power. This leader was not voted for or accepted by his people. But he ascended the leadership seat by virtue of military might or military intrigues. Management is doing things right, leadership is doing the right things (Warren Bennis and Peter Drucker) Leadership Styles Types of Leadership Style: Four of the most basic leadership styles are: Autocratic Bureaucratic Laissez-faire Democratic Autocratic Leadership Autocratic leadership: is an extreme form of transactional leadership, where a leader exerts high levels of power over his or her employees or team members. People within the team are given few opportunities for making suggestions, even if these would be in the teams or organizations interest. Many people resent being treated like this. Because of this, autocratic leadership often leads to high levels of absenteeism and staff turnover. Also, the teams output does not benefit from the creativity and experience of all team members, so many of the benefits of teamwork are lost. For some routine and unskilled jobs, however, this style can remain effective, where the advantages of control outweigh the disadvantages. Bureaucratic Leadership : Bureaucratic leaders work by the book, ensuring that their staff follow procedures exactly. This is a very appropriate style for work involving serious safety risks (such as working with machinery, with toxic substances or at heights) or where large sums of money are involved (such as cash-handling).In other situations, the inflexibility and high levels of control exerted can demoralize staff, and can diminish the organizations ability to react to changing external circumstances. Democratic Leadership or Participative Leadership : Although a democratic leader will make the final decision, he or she invites other members of the team to contribute to the decision-making process. This not only increases job satisfaction by involving employees or team members in whats going on, but it also helps to develop peoples skills. Employees and team members feel in control of their own destiny, and so are motivated to work hard by more than just a financial reward. As participation takes time, this style can lead to things happening more slowly than an autocratic approach, but often the end result is better. It can be most suitable where team working is essential, and where quality is more important than speed to market or productivity. Laissez-Faire Leadership This French phrase means leave it be and is used to describe a leader who leaves his or her colleagues to get on with their work. It can be effective if the leader monitors what is being achieved and communicates this back to his or her team regularly. Most often, laissez-faire leadership works for teams in which the individuals are very experienced and skilled self-starters. Unfortunately, it can also refer to situations where managers are not exerting sufficient control. Leadership vs. Management A leader can be a manager, but a manager is not necessarily a leader. The leader of the work group may emerge informally as the choice of the group. If a manager is able to influence people to achieve the goals of the organization, without using his or her formal authority to do so, then the manager is demonstrating leadership. Motivation Definition: Motivation is the processes that account for an individuals intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal. Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs is the most well-known theory of motivation. He hypothesized that within every human being there exists a hierarchy of five needs: (See Exhibit 6-1). Physiological: Includes hunger, thirst, shelter, sex, and other bodily needs Safety: Includes security and protection from physical and emotional harm Social: Includes affection, belongingness, acceptance, and friendship Esteem: Includes internal esteem factors such as self-respect, autonomy, and achievement; and external esteem factors such as status, recognition, and attention. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs If Maslows theory is true, there are some very important  leadership implications to  enhance workplace motivation. There are  staff motivation opportunities  by motivating each employee through their style of management, compensation plans, role definition, and company activities. Application of Maslows Theory If Maslows theory is true, there are some very important  leadership implications to  enhance workplace motivation. There are  staff motivation opportunities  by motivating each employee through their style of management, compensation plans, role definition, and company activities. Safety Needs: Provide a working environment which is safe, relative job security, and freedom from threats. Social Needs:  Generate a feeling of acceptance, belonging, and community by reinforcing team dynamics. Relationship between Theories of Motivation All companies seek to motivate their employees for a very simple reason; a motivated employee is a high producer. In todays workplace, many complex and sophisticated plans have been put in place towards this end; some companies offer a variety of incentives to meet the different needs and expectations of the different personalities employed there. Motivation is an individual thing; in other words, the same things do not motivate all people. Abraham Maslow outlines a pyramid-shaped theory that is the basis for most motivation theories that followed. They will then design and implement an action plan to increase the motivational factors in their own organization. Some of their action steps are discussed. The lowest level of Maslows pyramid of needs relates to every humans survival needs or by physiological needs, which include hunger, thirst and shelter are at this level (Robbins, 2001). TASK 4 Team Work A small number of people with complemen-tary skills who are committed to a common purpose, common performance goals, and an approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable. -G. Moorhead and R.W. Griffin When people listen carefully to each other, when they seek and take seriously each others opinions, when they make use of each others competencies and expertise, they are involved in teamwork. Situations like, a football team, a marriage, a project at work, or a math team, may come and go. It requires no special structure, only an opportunity for two or more people to engage collaboratively and cooperatively in undertaking some task. Teamwork in the workplace is something to be expected in our organizations today. Senior leadership teams, functional and intact teams, special project teams, play an important role to the success of any business. However, finding, creating, and maintaining effective a high performance team is much more difficult. No group of people is automatically entitled to teamwork just because they are smart, talented, and are working together. Teamwork in the workplace is subject to countless challenges as different personalities, talents and expertise, values, and working styles are merged together. Group Working A collection of individuals, the members accept a common task, become interdependent in their performance, and interact with one another to promote its accomplishment Harold H. Kelley and J.W. Thibaut Various Types of Groups Friendship groups Interest Groups Formal groups Informal Groups Small groups Large groups Primary groups Secondary groups Coalitions Membership groups Reference groups Command groups Task groups Good group work has great potential for the following reasons: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Individuals are encouraged to become active rather than passive learners by developing collaborative and co-operative skills, and lifelong learning skills. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It encourages the development of critical thinking skills. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It requires the establishment of an environment of support, trust and co-operative learning can be nurtured. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It promotes learning and achievement. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Students have the opportunity to learn from and to teach each other. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Deep rather than surface approaches to learning are encouraged. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It facilitates greater transfer of previous knowledge and learning. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It enhances social skills and interactions. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Learning outcomes are improved. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Large numbers of individuals can be catered for and work on the task simultaneously. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Interaction and co-operation on a micro scale is facilitated thus decreasing a sense of isolation felt by some. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Quiet individuals have an opportunity to speak and be heard in small groups thus overcoming the anonymity and passivity associated with large groups. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Individuals get the chance to work on large projects (larger in scope or complexity than individual tasks). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It can save time and requires a shared workload. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Alternative ideas and points of view can be generated. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Individuals develop and practice skills in: decision making, problem solving, values clarification, communication, critical thinking, negotiation, conflict resolution, and teamwork. Team Working at HSBC The whole is greater than the sum of the parts. This is a phrase that very much applies to HSBC. Although, as an organization HSBC a leader in the world of financial services. It is the power and reach of each of our local teams working together, which make HSBC such a successful and fast growing business. Recognizing the importance of local knowledge is a key message of HSBC advertising but it is not merely this. It is a value the HSBC live by. The employees work as a team to perform daily operations seamlessly.

Film Versus Theatre Presentations of William Shakespeares Much Ado Abo

Film Versus Theatre Presentations of William Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing Shakespeare's comedy Much Ado About Nothing is a witty play that is interpreted in many different ways for many different audiences. Branaugh's movie rendition, compared to the Shenandoah Shakespeare Company's play, have many separately emphasized points. If we look at elements such as use of space, costuming, and love relationships we find that Kenneth Branaugh emphasizes the separation of the military from the domestic which eventually heads down to the separation of men and women, while in the stage production, the director emphasizes the relationship and friendship between Claudio, Benedict, and Don Pedro. In Branaugh's movie version of Much Ado About Nothing there is much emphasis placed visually upon the military and the domestic atmosphere. From the beginning of Branaugh's interpretation the clear distinction between the two groups is visually portrayed. The movie begins with Emma Thompson, Beatrice, reading aloud to her friends and family in a relaxed laid back setting. The first domestic scenes lay out the tranquility of Leonato's home compared to the rough and public military scenes. The first military scene shows Don Pedro and his comrades riding up to Leonato's house. The scene is visually pleasing with the soldiers striding up to the house on horses with their arms raised in the air in slow motion. A strong sense of military valor is established through the soldier's actions, and the movie has already established a sense of military and domestic space, which the play did not capture. The Shenandoah Shakespeare Company's version of the play began very differently. There was no domestic or military atmosphere at all and the ... ...oin the domestic group, but Don Pedro and Don John are not as faded out. Don Pedro is present in the end, however, he is not a main part of the action. All of the characters were present most of the time either sitting on stage or standing which made the two groups seem not as separate as in Branaugh's movie. Branaugh and the company director both made many choices, which influenced their performances. I enjoyed the movie more the play because it was not only full of funny lines and puns, but the actors and the setting were amazing. They movie seemed to flow more for me and I enjoyed being able to see the characters in a serene setting without having to visualize it all. Shakespeare's play Much Ado About Nothing can be interpreted, acted, read, and visualized in different ways, but I thought that Kenneth Branaugh brought together an amazing cast and performance.

Activity Based Costing Essay

Activity based costing (ABC) is a relative new way to allocate costs to specific processes and services. This system assures that the costs are accurately distributed to the products or services that generated them. ABC illustrates costs more accurately, giving management insight to the cost associated with certain business activities. ABC extends the decision-making skills of management by expanding on traditional costing (job order costing/process order costing) techniques. However, since ABC’s introduction in the 1980’s, many corporations are not using ABC, despite gained managerial decision making capabilities. Even by the mid-1990s, ABC’s use has not spread throughout the accounting industry and its use is not obvious (Selto & Jasinski, 1996). The following article will discuss the pros and cons of the ABC method. ABC is an extension of traditional product costing techniques. These techniques are called job order costing and process order costing. A job order costing system arranges costs for each unit as it goes through a production process. A process cost system collects costs in work in progress account. The numbers of units worked are recorded for the accounting period. These systems alone do not accurately illustrate costs incurred. Instead, these two costing techniques generally lump costs into 3 main categories (cost centers). These three categories are direct materials, direct labor and overhead. Cost drivers are then assigned to represent the relationship between the cost and the process it is allocated to. ABC provides a better map of the costs of manufacturing products or distributing services. ABC uses a multitude of activity centers, which are the equivalent to the previously mentioned traditional cost centers. Each of these activity centers has its own cost driver and driver rate. ABC identifies many different costs to products by adjusting the cost driver and driver rates to specific activity centers. This process avoids across the board allocations of cost. For example, a product, which takes up .03% of space in the warehouse, would require .03% cost absorbed by product sales revenue. If the depreciation unit requires 5% cost to replace equipment at a latter date, 5% is the driver rate for that particular product. Unit, batch  and product level costs can be determined with ABC. The following steps can summarize the ABC process. The first step is to identify the activities that consume resources and allocate costs to those activities. For example, purchasing materials, record keeping, labor, materials, miles driven, machine hours and number of customers served are activities, which consume resources and needs costs to be assigned to them. The second step is to distinguish the cost drivers that are related to each activity. For example, if machine hours an activity used in the process, then the number of hours used in production of one unit would be the particular cost driver rate. The last step is to allocate costs to products by multiplying the cost driver rate by the number of cost driver units consumed by the process. There are many inherent strengths in the ABC model. The ABC model allows costs to be allocated to many different activity centers. Few corporations can focus on undifferentiated product lines and be successful. Having multiple product lines means the company has multiple cost drivers associated with each different product line. ABC is helpful in selecting which products are successful and which ones should be eliminated. Accurate cost information is key in determining the actual costs of frequent product changes. This cost is important because costs can be a good indicator of the justification or termination of varying product lines. Product lines have become more complex. Product lines of past were much simpler. For example, the Model T Ford came in one style and one color, black. Today, Ford cars have many different colors and styles. These different styles all have different cost drivers and activity centers. ABC illuminates hidden costs when high volume sales are not present and product differentiation is. This is advantageous because unprofitable lines can be replaced with lines that are profitable. Not many years ago, labor comprised 25 to 50 percent of a product’s cost. However, since the 1960s, labor is increasingly less involved in the  production process. For example, the textile industry replaced 100-year old shuttle looms for European air-jet looms, doubling output with less labor. In steel, the Nucor corporation used continuous casting machines to yield labor costs of $60/ton verses traditional steel’s $130/ton. Labor cost today is infrequently the driving force behind costs it was during the development period of cost accounting (1930’s). Instead, indirect costs have replaced labor as the dominant portion of costs for some products (Kelly, 1991). To use labor as the major basis for allocating as job costing or process costing accounting does, may lead to inaccurate decisions by management. The accounting profession has largely overlooked ABC. Among reasons cited for low adoption were employee resistance and the organizational changes essential with the use of ABC (Ness & Cucuzza, 1995). Some trace the source of hindered adoption of ABC to technical as well as cultural issues. Others feel that ABC would be more widespread in industry if it were marketed better by the accounts themselves (Brausch, 1992). There are several reasons for ABC low adoption rate. Complexity is an obstacle to implementing ABC. ABC requires detailed records of the costs associated with producing products and services as compared to traditional methods. This detailed record keeping requires more effort from the accountants and is more time consuming. The complexity of ABC can contribute to more errors. ABC can require more time to check and recheck to uncover errors. ABC generally requires more effort on the part of the accountant verses traditional methods and reduces the adoption rate of ABC. Another reason for not using ABC is the increased economies of scale. Many corporations are standardizing their products to reduce the costs to manufacture them. For example, Coca-Cola distributes its products in many different countries. The product varies very little in respect to packaging and manufacturing. Traditional methods of accounting can assign costs more easily, quickly and accurately for those products that have little or no product variation. ABC is a valuable tool in calculating the costs of producing varying product  lines. These differing product lines require more extensive accounting practices than traditional costing methods provide. The information obtained from ABC can help promote product lines that managers feel are profitable between those which should be eliminated. Labor is less frequently the major ingredient in the production process. ABC addresses this concern by examining and illustrating the overhead costs associated with particular activity centers. ABC describes these over head costs more accurately and is beneficial when increasingly more complex manufacturing processes are used. Adoption issues should be addressed to implement ABC method when costing decisions matter to managers. Bibliography: ReferencesBrausch, J.M. â€Å"Selling ABC: New Cost Systems Can Flounder if They Are Not Marketed.† Management Accounting, February 1992, pp. 42-46. Geishecker, M.L. â€Å"New Technologies Support ABC. â€Å"Management Accounting, March 1996, pp. 42-48. Kelly, K. â€Å"A Bean-Counter’s Best Friend.† Business Week, October 25, 1991, pp. 42-43. Ness, J.A. and T.G. Cucuzza. â€Å"Tapping the Full Potential of ABC.† Harvard Business Review, July/August 1995, pp. 130-131. Selto, F.H. and D.W. Jasinski. â€Å"ABC and High Technology: A Story with a Moral.† Management Accounting, March 1996, pp. 37-40. 17 Activity based costing Essay Executive Summary This report provides an analysis of Activity Based Costing systems and Conventional Costing systems to determine whether the application of Activity Based Costing concepts would be useful at DBS Consulting Services. A profitability analysis of the two consulting services offered by DBS Consulting Services (e-Commerce Consulting and Information Systems Consulting) was performed using Activity Based Costing and Conventional Costing. Using the conventional costing approach, the overheads of $342,000 were allocated at $129,960 (e-Commerce Consulting) and $212,040 (Information Systems Consulting). Using the Activity Based Costing approach, the overheads of $342,000 were allocated at $107,160 (e-Commerce Consulting) and $234,840 (Information Systems Consulting). Before implementing an Activity Based Costing system, management needs to assess the problems that the firm is facing so that the Activity Based Costing system can be designed to address those problems. DBS Consulting Services is in a tight local labour market and is having difficulty finding quality staff. It was found that E-Commerce Consulting Services provided a higher income per billings percentage than that of Information Systems Consulting Services (19% vs. 3%) under the Activity Based Costing approach. E-Commerce Consulting Services provided the higher return per sales dollar. These results would suggest that the professionals at DBS Consulting Services need to spend more time in e-Commerce. The success of failure of Activity Based Costing approach is determined by the reactions of the people who develop and use the system. An Activity Based Costing system can be costly and time consuming to  implement and maintain, it requires extensive training, expertise and information. However, the benefits of Activity Based Costing systems, being improved cost accuracy and assisting management with decision making, outweigh these costs. Introduction It is said that Activity Based Costing can result in improved costing accuracy when compared with Conventional Costing procedures. Arguments to support this claim are that companies who adopt Activity Based Costing are not limited to a single cost driver when having to allocate costs to their products and activities. Activity Based Costing allows companies to use non-unit cost drivers as well as unit cost drivers to allocate costs. Also, because use differs significantly amongst activities, no single cost driver can accurately assign costs for all activities whereas Activity Based Costing takes advantage of multiple cost drivers, not just a single cost driver. Arguments against this claim are that service industries often have higher levels of facility costs which mean fewer costs will be included in the Activity Based Costing system. Service industries also have a lot of non-repetitive activities which make it difficult to identify an individual activity to assign a cost driver to. Both the conventional costing system and the Activity Based Costing system calculate the cost of a product or service in relation to the revenue it generates. However, the conventional costing system assigns manufacturing overheads based on a volume-based cost driver, and Activity Based Costing systems assign the manufacturing and non-manufacturing overheads based on the activities required to produce the item. Part 3 Case Analysis Report – DBS Consulting Services (cont.) The Conventional Costing System Conventional costing approaches assume that manufacturing overhead costs are related to the volume of production which is usually measured by input measures such as direct labour hours or direct machine hours. The features of a conventional costing system are: Direct material and direct labour costs are traced to products Manufacturing overheads are assigned to products based on a pre-determined overhead rate The manufacturing overhead rate is calculated using a volume-based cost driver Non-manufacturing costs are not assigned to products The advantages of using a conventional costing system are: They are aligned with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) They are simpler than Activity Based Costing systems and easier to implement The disadvantages of a conventional costing system are: They are not as accurate as Activity Based Costing systems They can result in under-costing and over-costing of products They can lead to poor management decisions as non-manufacturing costs are excluded The Activity Based Costing System Activity Based Costing systems allocate manufacturing and non-manufacturing costs to a product based on the activities required to produce the item. Activity Based Costing systems calculate the cost of individual activities and then assign those costs to cost objects, such as outputs, based on the activities required to produce them. Activity Based Costing systems can be used to estimate the cost a product and also as a tool for management to monitor and control what is happening in the business by analysing the activity costs, the root causes of activities, the value of to the customer and measures of performance. The advantages of Activity Based Costing systems are: They provide a more accurate cost of products Manufacturing and non-manufacturing costs are included in the calculation They provide a greater understanding of overhead costs The disadvantages of Activity Based Costing systems are: Information can be misinterpreted by some users They can be costly to implement and maintain They involve major changes in data collection and analysis which can be challenging and also cause resistance amongst employees Current System at DBS Consulting Services Currently at DBS Consulting Services our administration costs (overheads) are allocated to both consulting services (e-Commerce and Information Systems) based on billable hours. The following analysis presents the profitability of the firm’s e-Commerce and Information Systems consulting services using Conventional Costing procedures and Activity Based Costing. Part 3 Case Analysis Report – DBS Consulting Services (cont.) Conventional Costing Procedures: Part 3 Case Analysis Report – DBS Consulting Services (cont.) Activity Based Costing Procedures: Analysis: Activity-based costing procedures result in a significant increase in the overhead costs allocated to Information Systems Consulting and a significant decrease in the overhead costs allocated to e-Commerce Consulting. The conventional costing procedures allocate overheads based on billable hours which results in 38% of overhead costs being allocated to e-Commerce Consulting (=1900 billable hours for e-Commerce / 5000 total billable hours), and 62% to Information Systems Consulting (=3100 billable hours for Information Systems / 5000 total billable hours). However Activity Based Costing shows that the overhead percentage allocations vary for each activity as summarised below. Part 3 Case Analysis Report – DBS Consulting Services (cont.) The e-Commerce Consulting services are allocated less overhead costs using Activity Based Costing when compared to the conventional costing approach. Using the conventional costing approach, $342,000 is allocated at $129,960 (e-Commerce Consulting) and $212,040 (Information Systems Consulting). Using the Activity Based Costing approach, $342,000 is allocated at $107,160 (e-Commerce Consulting) and $234,840 (Information Systems Consulting). E-Commerce Consulting Services provides a higher income per billings percentage than that of Information Systems Consulting Services (19% vs. 3%) under the Activity Based Costing approach. This shows that although both services are charged out at the same rate, and the labour rate for both services are the same, e-Commerce Consulting Services provides the higher return per sales dollar. By adopting the Activity Based Costing approach we can determine a more accurate method of allocating overhead costs to our services which in turn will provide more accurate profit analysis of each service. This will help to increase customer and shareholder value. Summary Given the very tight local labour market and the fact that it is difficult to find quality staff it would not be desirable for an aggressive expansion of either consulting service regardless of the fact that both generate a profit. If we opt to expand either service this would mean having to hire more qualified staff, which as mentioned above, is difficult in today’s competitive market. Before implementing an Activity Based Costing system, the following factors need to be considered: Management needs to show conviction that the benefits of the system will outweigh the costs Management and staff need to understand what Activity Based Costing is and how it can help the firm The requirement of resources to implement Activity Based Costing need to be considered Concerns about the resistance to change factors need to be addressed The success of failure of Activity Based Costing approach is determined by the reactions of the people who develop and use the system. Resistance to change can impede implementation, therefore in order to succeed, there must be a plan in place that is carefully thought out to take into account the factors above as well as determining the extent of change required and the different personalities involved. Employees should be encouraged to play a major role in developing and using the Activity Based Costing system to give them a sense of ownership and help them to view the system as a tool to help them manage their work. In conclusion, an Activity Based Costing system can be costly and time consuming to implement and maintain, it requires extensive training, expertise and information. However, the benefits of Activity Based Costing on improved cost accuracy and assisting management with decision making outweigh these costs. Part 3 Case Analysis Report – DBS Consulting Services (cont.) References Langfield-Smith, K., Thorne, H., & Hilton, R. (2012). Management accounting: Information for creating and managing value (6th edition). North Ryde, NSW, Australia: McGraw-Hill. Heisinger, K., & Hoyle, J. (2013.). Managerial Accounting,v.1.0. Retrieved April 10, 2014 from http:/catalog.flatworldknowledge.com Johnson, R. (n.d.). Traditional Costing Vs. Activity-Based Costing. Retrieved April 1, 2014 from http:/smallbuiness.chron.com Wilkinson, J. (July 23, 2013). Activity-based Costing (ABC) vs Traditional Costing. Retrieved April 1, 2014 from http:/strategiccfo.com Marx, C. (n.d.). Activity Based Costing (ABC) And Traditional Costing Systems. Retrieved April 4, 2014 from http:/financialsupport.weebly.com Keshav. (n.d). Advantages And Disadvantages of Activity-Based Costing (ABC). Retrieved April 1, 2014 from http:/accountlearning.blogspot.co.nz Delaware Technical Community College. (n.d.). Retrieved April 1, 2014 from https://www.dtcc.edu